Both Parents Shoul Assume Equal Responsibility

Name: Olga I. Mallqui EAP 1595 April 16, 2012 Argumentative Both parents should assume equal responsibility in raising child. I. Introduction Both parents should assume equal responsibility in raising child because this will improve the stability and confidence in them and they can be successful people and can have benefits in childhood and adulthood. II. Opposing arguments : Single Parents environment A. More consistent. B. Peaceful atmosphere. C. Responsible child. III. Benefits in Childhood A. More stable.B. Balance between boy and girl. C. Model a good relationship. IV. Benefits in Adulthood A. Good Professionals. B. Good Parents. C. Good Spouses. V. Conclusion Name: Olga I Mallqui EAP 1595 April 4, 2012 Argumentative Essay Both parents should assume equal responsibility in raising child Both parents should assume equal responsibility in raising child because this will improve the stability and confidence in them and they can be successful people and can have great benefits in th eir childhood and adulthood.Some people believe that a single parent can take the responsibility in raising a child by themselves because they have the decision about the child without having the objection of the other couple so their rules are more consistent. Then the environment for the child will be so calm no fights or disagreement in front of the child, no stressful atmosphere so the child will be happy and the child is not going to compare the unhappy life that has at home. Another point that they want to show is that the child learn to be responsible and independent very early because as being a single parent they teach the child to take care of themselves.Now that the opinions to be a single parent was exposing; it is important to know the benefits that brings to share the equal responsibility raising the child. First the benefits in childhood; the child grows in a more stable environment that provides a balance by the father and the mother; they feel protect and secure. An d there are some specifics moments when the child need the support or the advice of one of them and having the support of both we learn to see and focus the live more equal and this is the consequence of having the point of view from a female and for a male.For example a boy can be more perceptive because he already has the point of view from a woman and the same can be applying for a girl. Another point is having both parents at home is a good benefit for both because when one of them is already stress and want some personal time for relax or change the environment; one can stay with the child while the other can has his own time for relax. This can give a very good result for the child because all the time the parents can be relax, positive and competent for be around the child.Then the child grows in a stable and lovely environment that gives a great stability and confidence in themselves. Beyond the wonderful benefits that the kids has in their childhood, now we can support and show the benefits on adulthood, these child will be a successful professional, because grow in a stable atmosphere gives them a personal security in their actions and decisions. And of course these children will be great parents because they have a positive base and good model of being a parent.And the last opinion they will be a great spouses, they will be more perceptive because they already has the advice and experience of both sides, they will be more understandable and greats soul mates. Therefore, it is true that the child will have great benefits having both parents sharing the responsibility in raising them. Benefits that will be apply successfully in their childhood and adulthood and the parents will be the winners.

Dead Stars Essay

Paz Mà ¡rquez-Benà ­tez (1894-1983) Paz Marquez-Benitez, a Filipina writer born in 1894 in Lucena City, Quezon, authored the first Filipino modern English-language short story, Dead Stars, published in the Philippine Herald in 1925. Born into the prominent and affluent Marquez family of Quezon province, she was among the first generation of Filipinos trained in the American education system which used English as the medium of instruction. She graduated high school in Tayabas High Schooland college from the University of the Philippines with a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1912. She was a member of the first freshman class of the University of the Philippines, graduating with a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1912. Two years after graduation, she married Francisco Benitez, with whom she had four children. Mà ¡rquez-Benà ­tez later became a teacher at the University of the Philippines, who taught short-story writing and had become an influential figure to many Filipino writers in the English language. The annually held Paz Marquez-Benitez Lectures in the Philippines honors her memory by focusing on the contribution of Filipino women writers to Philippine Literature in the English language. Though she only had one more published short story after ―Dead Starsâ€â€" this of which is entitled ―A Night In The Hills,â€â€" nevertheless, she made her mark in Philippine literature because her work is considered the first modern Philippine short story. For Marquez-Benitez, writing was a life-long occupation. In 1919, she founded ―Woman’s Home Journalâ€â€", the first women’s magazine in the country. ―Filipino Love Storiesâ€â€", reportedly the first anthology of Philippine stories in English by Filipinos, was compiled in 1928 by Marquez-Benitez from the works of her students. When her husband died in 1951, she took over as editor of the Philippine Journal of Education at UP. She held the editorial post for over two decades. ―Dead Starsâ€â€" is the 1925 short story that gave birth to modern Philippine writing in English. TRIVIA: Dead Stars had been praised as ―a model of perfection in character delineation, local color, plot, and message.â€â€" ILLUMINATIONS ON THE THEME EXTRACTED Since the author’s life and experiences is not significant to the content of the short story, MoralPhilosophical as a literary lens was applied. This is an approach that puts literature as one that teaches morality and explores philosophical issues. By looking and analyzing Benitez’ ―Dead Starsâ€â€" the short story reflects the time in which the literary work was written along with the language, the norms and the way people think. It serves as a literary time machine for readers as it enables them to understand how courtship, marriage and fidelity were viewed through the early 1900 standards. It renders a sound comparison between the past and the present, the existing modern culture and the fading, almost obsolete tradition. I could say that the philosophical principle of the story is love. This is further compared to the concepts and dialogues of the characters in the story like the concept of engagement and marriage, the dialogue of Esperanza which is ―I am not blind, or deaf; I see and hear what perhaps some are trying to keep from meâ€â€" and also ―If you are tires of – why don’t you tell me you are tired of meâ€â€", the words of Alfredo to Julia which are ―I could study you all my life.â€â€" and ―Nothing? There is you.â€â€" and the concept in which Alfredo had been seeing light of the dead stars and the immense sadness that invaded his spirit. These concepts and words from the characters of the story bring the force this unifying thread: Love is like a puzzle, it is confusing and mind blowing for it can be gained and it can also be lost in a snap of a finger. PART TWO: MY TEXT-DEPENDENT INTERPRETATION In Light of Modernist Vistas: Formalism (Elemental Exploration) and Structuralism (Binary Opposition and Signification) EXEGESIS ―Was he being cheated by life? Love—he seemed to have missed it! Or was the love that others told about a mere fabrication of fervid imagination, and exaggeration of the commonplace, a glorification of insipid monotonies such as made up his love life? Was love a combination of circumstances, or sheer native capacity of soul? In those days love was, for  him, still the eternal puzzle; for love as he knew it, was a stranger to love as he divined it might be.â€â€" –Alfredo Julia is quite different from Esperanza—―a girl striking and vividly alive, the woman that could cause violent commotion in his heart, yet had no place in the completed ordering of his life.† The rare-turnedregular neighboring trips lead Alfredo to deep conversations with Julia and hence, develop an admiration for the woman. Sometimes, he would forget he is engaged, continuing his meetings with Julia while thinking that Esperanza ―was not prone to indulge in unprovoked jealousies†¦ (for) she was a believer in the regenerative virtue of institutions, in their power to regulate feeling as well as conductâ€â€". Unfortunately, he also forgets the fact that Esperanza is a woman and, being so is already a risk factor for jealousies, provoked or otherwise. ―I do not understand you at all! I think I know why you have been indifferent to me lately. I am not blind, or deaf. I see perhaps some are trying to keep you away from me†¦ Whatever my shortcomings, and no doubt they are many in your eyes, I have never gone out of my way, out of my place to find a man.â€â€" – Esperanza Julia is in love with Alfredo. That much is pretty obvious in the story, especially after learning belatedly that Alfredo is engaged. An unconscious believer himself in the regenerative virtue of institutions, Alfredo still marries Esperanza. Over the years, he becomes an impassive husband. I feel sad for both of them but must I say they brought it upon themselves? Alfredo, for one, does not really know what he wants and so he lives his life as it comes. He was not unhappy in his marriage. He felt no rebellion: only the calm of capitulation to what he recognized as irresistible forces of circumstance and of character†¦ From his capacity of complete detachment he derived a strange solace†¦ At such times did Esperanza feel baffled and hopeless; he was gentle, even tender, but immeasurably far away, beyond reach. –Alfredo Eight years later, he still could not forget Julia. So while on business, he makes a side trip to Julia’s hometown to check if he had meant anything to her and her to him. Julia has not married. This implies many things—one of which could be that she is still in love with Alfredo but chooses not to fight for that love because she was taught that the act of giving through self-denial is a good thing and so she turned from a spirited young woman into a boring one living a boring life after she  lost Alfredo to propriety and social order. What did Alfredo fi nd during his meeting with Julia after his marriage? Dead stars So that was all over. Why, why hade he obstinately clung to that dream from the weariness of actuality? And now, mere actuality had robbed him of the dream. So all these years—since when?—he had been seeing the light of dead stars, long extinguished, yet seemingly still in their appointed places in the heavens. -Alfredo Alfredo has been clinging onto something that is unattainable because he is bored with the predictability of his life. Julia was a like a star, brimming his dull life with light and excitement for a short time. Because of the choices they made, Julia and Alfredo (and even Esperanza) become dead stars. ILLUMINATIONS ON THE THEME EXTRACTED It is in this section of the paper where Formalism as a literary lens was used. This is the key to grasp the meaning of the text exists within the text itself. It involves elemental exploration of the literary piece via explication and exegesis. If one will look and interpret the story, Dead Stars is a love story written in prose with a heart-warming message. It is told from the perspective of Alfredo Salazar who is in personal conflict with his feelings towards two women—Esperanza, his fiancà ©e of four years, and Julia Salas whom he met while ―neighboringâ€â€". Esperanza is the embodiment of the ideal wife to the ideal man, and so they make an ideal couple in the eyes of society. Alfredo has pursued her at the start of their relationship with intense courtship, but later on, the feeling seems to subside. These interpretations of the poem based on the views of the author bring to the force unifying thread: Our decisions or choices in life can make us dead stars – we are living in our delegated places in the society but not actually glimmering, not actually living our lives. STRUCTURALISM ―Dead Starsâ€â€" BINARY OPPOSITION SIGNIFICATION NEED WANT Love a profoundly tender, passionate affection for another person. Marriage a legally, religiously, or sociall y sanctioned union of persons who commit to one another Detachment freedom from selfinterest or bias; disinter estof it. ILLUMINATIONS ON THE THEME EXTRACTED It is in this part of the paper where STRUCTURALISM as a literary lens was employed. This is an approach which asserts that literature is a text. A particular structure of language produces reality. This further includes literary interpretation via binary opposition (concepts in opposition) and signification (signifier and signified). Through simply looking into and interpreting the lines of the short story ―Dead Starsâ€â€", we could say that the two opposing concepts are NEED and WANT which we could say that these two entities are powerful and supreme. These interpretations of the poem say that: For the sake of reputation, a man will do the things he ought to do even though he does not wholeheartedly like what he need to do thus he is not living and building a life rather he is just living to survive.

Disadvantages of Using Cell Phone in School Essay

The initial intention (for giving the handphone) is to provide facilities for us to know where our kids are but we must think twice before doing so. I advice parents to know how to adopt the technology before giving a mobile phone to their child. For instance, you must know if the phone given to your child only has the basics or if it’s more than that. But I still oppose just giving a basic phone. For me, not giving a phone is the best solution. Having a phone opens up the opportunity for others to do bad things. We want to minimise the risk factors. Problems in school with not doing the homework because of the handphone. I believed that using cell phones during class will cause distraction. It doesn’t matter to students that they are not allowed to use their cell phones while they are in class, they do it anyway. They often send text messages to each other and this can distract them from their education, as well as distract the person they are texting, which is likely to be another student. Many people call this the new way of passing notes. Besides that, Another drawback of allowing cell phones is that they can be used to cheat during quizzes and exams. A student could receive silent text messages from a friend that has already taken a certain exam during a test. It is obviously that when students use their cell phones at school, it makes rumors spread faster. This is because, everyone has access to a cell phone and when somebody hears a rumor, they send a text message to their friend to tell them about it, and their friend sends a text message to another friend, and so on. Some also think that the fast spreading of rumors makes it more likely that the rumors will worsen as it is being spread, and that the quicker it spreads, the worse it gets. In some reasons, I felt that cell phones do not improve school safety. For example when there is an emergency, cell phone signals become jammed if everyone attempts to contact people at once. This can make it difficult for teachers to contact the authorities. If students do successfully contact their parents, parents may all rush to the scene, which can conflict with evacuations or other responses. If students contact their parents, parents will all rush to the scene, which brings conflict or other responses. We are more concerned about the bigger consequences of having a handphone like social problems such as bully and harrashment via mobile phones. Student tends to misused the mobile phone, by recording video of students bullying other students. If there are risks involved and you have calculated and you know that the risks won’t benefit you, why take the risk? Better not to have the risk at all by not giving them a handphone.

Reflection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 5

Reflection - Essay Example The virtual world enables individuals to form and maintain strong interpersonal relationships. It is easier to send instant messages to a person and receive immediate feedback. Hence, through the virtual world enables individual to interact from different places regardless the geographical distance. Virtual works are not limited to location. Communication and exchange of ideas can be done fast and effectively. Through the use of platforms such as Skype, individuals can communicate face-to-face(Bainbridge, 2010). As a result, they can show their expressions and emotions hence enhancing interpersonal communication. Additionally, individuals can express their ideas in basis of similar interests rather than geographical locations. Through the virtual world and individual can get a person who is interested in a certain field. Through that communication flows easily from the sender to the receiver. Virtual world will enable you exchange ideas in that specific field and learn from one another. Virtual world enhances globalization as people spread ideas and innovations to one another through interpersonal communication using the mediums available in the virtual world. Most scientists see it as platform to acquire knowledge(Jain, 2010). They can easily exchange their ideas and build on them as they share the knowledge that they have. Nowadays, the youth cannot avoid the internet. They use the social network to communicate with their friends throughout. It is part of their lives. Through that they obtain instant feedback, and they learn about what is happening in our current society easily. Virtual world enables the youth to have an understanding of what is happening in the world easily. Events are reported immediately they happen hence making the world are informed about what is happening all around the world(Bainbridge, 2010). The global population has turned to the

In Class Essay #2 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

In Class #2 - Essay Example weat shop labor has become the major means of producing fake and cheap goods especially in the textile market and the working conditions are deplorable with meager wages being given to the workers. While Goodwin argues that sweatshop labor provides a means of employment for women who are dominated by men. The employment gives them a chance to be financially independent and to make their own choices. However, it must also be borne in mind that the women are subjected to horrendous working conditions and paid very little wages. It is their employer who enjoys maximum benefits out of the profit. This inequality in profit distribution will never help the working class to grow and lead a better life. Additionally all the goods produced by such companies are counterfeit and intellectual property theft has risen drastically over the past years. Purchase of such goods by consumers with the notion that they are genuine and later realizing that they aren’t results in loss of consumer tr ust and that in turn could be a major blow to design houses that invent the goods. Among the other countries China produces a major chunk of such fake products which have created a market for themselves. The massive unemployment coupled with economic restructuring has resulted in many people including children opting for job that pay meager wages. Employment of children by such companies has been on a rise as recent reports in China indicate that children could constitute about 20 percent of the workforce which prevents them from fulfilling their right to education. While men and women are paid only a fraction of the minimum wage that they are due, the plight of the children could be even worse. Their young age and vigor are misused and are expected to work day and night and in some cases with only one day off in a year. While the law states that it is illegal to employ children who are under 16 for work, it is not strictly enforced. Thus the entire scenario includes breach of human rights,

Support same-sex marriage or not support Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Support same-sex marriage or not support - Essay Example Interestingly, both sides have yielded substantively convincing reasons and justifications for their varied opinions and standpoints on this topic. This paper aims at making a comparison of two opposing editorials on the issue of gay marriages. The first article to consider is entitled: â€Å"Legalizing gay marriage would undermine Christian view of family, claims leading Catholic archbishop† written by Mario Ledwith, and it appeared in the Daily Mail on the 30th of December last year. The Daily Mail is a reputable daily British newspaper that enjoys the fourth largest circulation of about two million copies daily; since the year 1992, Daily Mail has been edited by Paul Dacre. According to this article, Archbishop Bernard Longley of the Birmingham Roman Catholic posits that if gay marriages are legalized, the conventional Christian perspective of family and the whole marriage institution will be undermined (Ledwith). Archbishop Bernard Longley further argues that every child deserves to be loved by two parents, both mother and father; no single child should be denied this incredible opportunity to experience the love of both parents. This is a justifiable reason for the church to remain opposed to the idea of gay ma rriages, despite the increasing popular opinions in support of the same. Marriage as a divinely willed institution must be respected and upheld as a heterosexual union of man and woman. Any attempts at reversing this divine order distort the truth, and this negatively influences individuals and the society at large. The second article that will be considered in this paper , â€Å"Gay marriage bill right thing to do, say Tory heavyweights in appeal to MPs† that appeared in The Guardian, on the 5th of February 2013, which has been co-authored by Nicholas Watt and James Maikle. The Guardian is a reputable daily British newspaper that is edited by Alan Rusbridger; and it enjoys a national presence, with a steady daily

Contemporary issues in conflict and security Essay

Contemporary issues in conflict and security - Essay Example Terrorism has severe social, economic, and psychological impacts on the targeted people. Analysis proves that terrorism often has a genuine grievance to fight for. Also, the strategies they adopt are not considerably crueler than the strategies adopted by many superpowers. Thirdly, it has become evident that terrorism is considerably more unethical because it often targets innocent third parties as the victims. The solution does not lie in armed suppression, but in adopting peaceful ways. Attention should be given to the reasons behind grievances and they should be removed. Also, free communication and liberty should be encouraged in every nation. Lastly, instead of revenge and martyrdom, values like peace and cooperation should be instilled in people. Introduction Terrorism has become one of the most complex and oft-changing phenomena in the international sphere. As a result, it has gained an important position in the agenda of most nations. The surprising fact is that terrorism is present in various forms and various structures, and they have various motivating factors behind them. The root causes of terrorism One can find innumerous reasons behind terrorism when one looks into the works of various scholars who already studied the various aspects of terrorism. As a result, as Crenshaw (1981) opines in the article ‘The causes of terrorism’, it is difficult to find general explanations for terrorism. However, the scholar manages to divide the causes into two categories; the preconditions which are known as root causes and the precipitants which are known as trigger causes. It is possible to further the root causes into enabling factors which mean the factors which offer an opportunity for terrorism to come up, and situations which are direct motivations for terrorist campaigns (ibid). According to Ross (1996), the causes can be divided into three categories, namely structural causes, psychological causes, and rational choice. Following this, Gupta (2004, p. 19) introduced the argument based on ethnicity, religion, and nationalism. According to his opinion, terrorism takes birth when a leading figure manages to give a proper direction to the frustration faced by a number of people and manage to formulate a feeling of collective identity; and also the feeling of ‘we’ versus ‘them’ is successfully developed along with this (ibid). The work by O’Brien (1996) looked into the reasons behind terrorism. According to the scholar, there is a link between the foreign policy of superpowers during the times of international crisis and international terrorism. In order to substantiate his view, the scholar provides the example of the United States and Iraq. Through the work, the scholar proves that the possibility of terrorism increases when one party feels victimized by the superpower (ibid). Another study by Krueger and Malenkov (2003) named ‘Education, poverty and terrorism: is there a casual conne ction?† looks into the impact of lack of education and poverty on people’s tendency to become terrorists. However, after a thorough study of the situation in Israel and Palestine, the scholars reach the conclusion that there is no direct link between education, poverty and terrorism (ibid). In fact, the study observed that the terrorists from those areas were generally better educated that others. Also, the study reveals that the

Reasons for European Economic Crisis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Reasons for European Economic Crisis - Essay Example The essay "Reasons for European Economic Crisis" overviews the reasons for European Economic crisis such as imbalances in international trade, inappropriate and inflexible monetary policy, increasing levels of households, banks, and governments debts, confidence loss in the economic system. The European economic crisis started in 2007 and was preceded by a considerably long duration of low-risk premiums, the growth of real estate bubbles, abundant liquidity, and fast credit growth. The economic misfortunes sequence that began in 2002 created a fiscal dilemma in Europe that included spiraling debt by the governments and banks of a number of European states. Some economists and policy analysts believe that the uncontrolled or unregulated debt resulted to the fiscal quandary that went beyond normal proportions. About 20 European states were in debt as of 2012 and this compounded the problem of European economic crisis because they have closely connected economies and shares a monetary currency. What has been of greater concerns to many analysts is how Europe got into the crisis in the first place. It is believed that focus on social welfare and irresponsibility by some European states evidenced by heavy borrowing and not paying heed to the balance of payment are main facto rs that led to the crisis. This paper will explain in details the reasons for European Economic crisis. Musialkowska and Wroblewski point out that no doubt the European economic crisis was as a result of a combination of various complex factors.

Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 26

Analysis - Essay Example As a result, the author asks why discrepancy prevails between reality and immigrants’ impact on the economy. According to Campo-Flores, Americans argue that immigrants are bad since they create an influx in the workplace. Moreover, the undocumented immigrants strain public services in places such as hospitals, jails, and schools (2010). Though the overall influence of undocumented immigrants is positive, the benefits and costs are disbursed in an uneven manner. For instance, businesses and employers, particularly in agribusinesses benefit the most from immigrants’ low-cost labor, making other sectors to complain about the impact of immigrants in the country. In addition, though consumers acquire goods and services at grocery stores cheaply, most of them fail to understand that immigrants make the greatest contribution. The author makes these points because the negative perceptions towards illegal immigrants are concentrated among the low-skilled natives. They suffer from foreign labor competition, leading to reduced wages, particularly among American high-school dropouts. In this case, the best way to address this issue is not to eliminate immigrants, but to encourage Americans, particularly those who feel threatened by foreigners to boost their and skills in the labor

Social Factors in Language Learning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Social Factors in Language Learning - Essay Example This paper declares that nowadays the English language undergoes several variations due to different factors. Among them people can distinguish regional, social, personal and even gender variations. The most widespread and obvious one is regional variation of the English language. This discussion explores that thanks to the popularity of American media and British culture the speakers of both models adopt certain vocabulary and pronunciation from each other. This process is commonly called accommodation. Apart from two main models of English regional variety of this language includes several dialectal variations. There are regional dialects of English both, in the USA and Great Britain. Dialects vary mostly in vocabulary and these differences are quite large and numerous. Unfortunately, this contrast between speakers sometimes leads to conflicts and bulling because one dialect is considered to be more privileged than the other. However, people should abandon this prejudice and treat everyone equally. Depending on people’s social identities, they use different types of language. There are many factors which predetermine the usage of certain constructions, words and intonation. They include the level of education, sex, occupying job and age. In some count ries with English speaking population social variation of the language does not play a huge role.

Educating immigrant students Essay Example for Free

Educating immigrant students Essay A Study Critic of â€Å"Made in America: Immigrant students in our pubic schools† The dispute over sending immigrant students into public schools in the United States has continued to separate Americans. Its proponents advance the educational rights of qualified foreign students who have left their respective countries and faced being â€Å"Americanized† just to be able to learn American civilization as their second culture. Those opposing the system, however, argue that the white Americans should still be the priority since immigrant students are only second rate compared to them despite the immigrants earnest efforts to fit into the American society. It was also stressed that in order to be a part of the real American community, the immigrant students must set aside their native cultures and be ready to be customized as a true-blooded American. In so doing, however, it would be inevitable to expose problems or issues related to educating immigrant students. These include their differences with the Native Americans and hardships in allowing themselves to be made as American citizens. In addition, educating immigrant students in the U. S. present bigger issues such as racial discrimination, cross-cultural conflict and unfair learning system which are detrimental to the overall personality of an immigrant student. The problems mentioned above are what the book, â€Å"Made in America: Immigrant students in our pubic schools† by Laurie Olsen, has accurately presented. A qualitative study book that looks into the system of educating immigrant students in American public schools, it is a concrete proof that such problems and conflicts indeed exist. It is good to note, however, that the system is still salvageable. All it needs is honest to goodness solid training of teachers, additional support programs for the immigrant students and ultimately, an environment that allows them to keep to their native cultures while at the same time keeping at par with their white American classmates (Olsen, 1997). An Overview of the Study. The 1997 study book by Olsen is a survey on the lives of the immigrant students who are being educated and Americanized in an urban high school institution. It likewise presents the relationships of the immigrants with their teachers who are responsible for the immigrants learning program and Native American classmates who pose a challenge into their goal to adapt the American culture. The study was presented under a circumstance that the students with varying cultures are studying in a California high school wherein the promise and challenge of diversity are significantly increasing in a multinational society. The book shows that, because of their poor English speaking skills, the immigrant students are deprived of chances to seriously study and interact with their counterparts. Moreover, the immigrant students are classified or categorized according to their varying complexions and social classes which have definitely affected their chances in their future lives (Olsen, 1997). Meanwhile, majority of the teachers promote combination of multicultural students as well as the practice of justice and equal chances by having the students liberty to join in school. However, the teachers do not realize that exclusion and classification among students actually exist and is being practiced by the native white Americans against the immigrant students who originated from other races such as the Asians, Europeans and even the black Americans. In effect, the study presented in the book revealed the continuity of an unbalanced American community (Olsen, 1997). However, it likewise showed the potentialities of having dragging but specified changes. By studying the life stories of immigrant students and their interactions with their teachers and classmates, one can learn the modern interpretation or way of Americanizing multicultural students. It also reveals a complicated procedure that in the end necessitates them to surrender their respective culture as well as national recognitions and native dialects just to fit into a theoretical and cultural domain. Such a world ironically refuses the total involvement of immigrant students in the real American culture. The author depicts immigrant students as ones being made or created in America only to realize that to be Americanized is to endure being placed on the American racial map (Olsen, 1997) Methodology of the Study In the study book, Olsen (1997) carried out her research by centering on Madison High, the first American public high school wherein more than 20 percent of the students population is composed of natives of other countries. This is in addition to a significant number of students who are not fluent in English language or are part of households in which English is totally not used. The exploration was done so that the public outside the school can look into what it feels like studying and teaching in a school which is characterized by escalating complicated or multicultural relations (Olsen, 1997). Utilizing regular ethnographic procedures, Olsen (1997) recorded her functions as narrator, anthropologist, and proponent in three official journals. The author interviewed not only the main subjects (immigrant students) but their parents, teachers, and officials of the school as well. In this manner, Olsen was able to investigate several issues concerning the diversities and complexities of multilingual learning as well as having a population of multinational students. She was also able to discover other equally related issues such as racial discrimination, social conflicts, and unfair education practices accorded to the different sets of students who are the immigrant students and native white Americans (Olsen, 1997). In particular, Olsen (1997) stayed or allotted two and a half years in the said public high school where she actually attended classes and made the interviews. Madison High was chosen as the venue of the study because it has witnessed some sociological changes for the last 20 years such as an upsurge of Latino enrollees and a rise in the number of students whose second language is English or what is called the ESL population. During the period of study, Olsen noted that the school population is composed of 33 percent white Americans, 26 percent Spanish-American or the Latinos, 14 percent black Americans and the 26 percent is a combination of immigrants coming from the Pacific Islands, Philippines, Japan, and China. The author also took into consideration that various native languages aside from English are spoken by around one half of the population (Olsen, 1997). Relative to the above composition, Olsen (1997) further noted the apparent positioning or mapping of students according to their races. Upon arrival in Madison High, new immigrant students are correctly placed or positioned to their respective racial structures. Based from these racial maps, Olsen (1999) learned the various indicators or factors that led foreign students to study in Madison High and their corresponding implications. The study then proceeded by asking the students the reasons why they chose to study in the U. S. and what prompted them to study the English language and eventually adapt the American culture or be Americanized. Thereafter, the research also unveiled that the white Americans actually perceive that the system rob them of opportunities which they believe are for them. They blatantly expressed that immigrant students take away their chances of having a good quality of education and eventually getting a good job. In the end, Olsen (1999) summarized her study by recognizing that new immigrant students undergo the Americanization process based on theoretical classifications, the need to speak fluent English against all odds, requirement to surrender their local dialect so that one can be involved in Madison Highs academic and cultural life, and repetitive force to have a place in the American racial map (Olsen, 1997). Analysis of the Study Olsens study showed immigrant students tales which are abundant with sociological items and which have enabled the readers the chance to look into the challenges of studying in an escalating diverse society. The research has proven to be a very rich material for Olsen to come up with her study book. This is because it was done taking into consideration the perspective of the concerned immigrant students as well as their relationship with their teachers and classmates. The study book has effectively analyzed the difficulties of the immigrant students and the efforts of the teachers to accommodate the students which turned out to be not enough. The study can also be credited with its flexibility by also considering the roles performed by the teachers and school officials in offering a fair treatment and comprehensive curriculum for the immigrant students. Although the overall result of the study did not achieve much, its effort to open to the public the real educational condition of immigrant students is enough for Olsen and her research to earn recognition. Conclusion The issues concerning bilingual education that accommodated multicultural set-up and dialect diversity as well as the advent of immigrant students into American education system have encouraged separation among students which can be a threat to the learning structure. The study of Olsen is inclined towards a future wherein American immigration and cross cultural policies seem to fight it out with the educational system and institutions catering to immigrant students. Although the research did not totally achieve its ultimate goal, the fact that it enabled the awakening of the public with the existing educational condition is a turning point in which the government can take its clue to take action. Despite the grim reality wherein new immigrant students who are not fluent in English are placed in racial map and subjected to unjust learning practices, there are still ways to overcome the situation. It is in this manner that the study book of Olsen has proven to be of value because it alerts the public to the demands and instead invigorate the readers of the potential of having a fairer and more flexible American public education system. Reference Olsen, L. (1997). Made in America: Immigrant students in our pubic schools. New York: The New Press.

Court Organization Essay Example for Free

Court Organization Essay The paper focuses on the various court organizations and the corresponding function of every court organization as a whole as well as the various functions of its internal elements. Among the court organizations that the paper aims to analyze are appellate courts and trial courts. By looking into the corresponding jurisdiction of each court organization, the paper further completes the analysis by juxtaposing the jurisdiction of one against the other. With the idea of jurisdiction, the paper also elucidates on the types of cases that each court organization handles and the legal manners in which such cases are decided. Court Organization The system of courts that comprise the totality of the American federal courts are organized essentially by the U. S. Constitution and the laws legislated by the American federal government. Among these courts that function in the American judicial branch are trial courts and appellate courts. For the most part, federal trial courts are referred to as Federal District Courts which has the authority to hear appeals from lower bodies such as the administrative law judges. On the other hand, the intermediate appellate courts are referred to as the Federal Court of Appeals which functions under a mandatory review process that amounts to the task of hearing all appeals from the lower court bodies. The organization of these two judicial bodies, generally speaking, is more parallel in contrast to being different. In essence, the differences between the federal trial courts and the appellate courts can be observed from their respective internal organizational composition. While much of the similarities between the two courts can be obtained from their general task of deciding on legal cases, their distinctive features on how they are to specifically function substantiates their individual characteristics and separates their roles despite their apparent overlapping similarities as we shall see later. What is important to note at this point is to bear in mind that appellate courts and trial courts, specifically in a federal government, have separate functions amidst the parallel characteristics that one may observe from the two. The conception of these two distinct but seemingly parallel courts can be traced from the evolution of the judicial system of the United States. Much of the written historical basis for establishing a judicial system can be extracted from the Constitution of the United States of America. The history of the American judiciary includes the Judiciary Act of 1789 which created a Supreme Court composed of one chief justice as well as five associate justices. In essence, the Act established the judiciary arm of the American government which also defined the Supreme Court’s jurisdiction. Among these jurisdictions include, but is not limited to, the appellate jurisdiction over larger civil cases as well as cases wherein state courts ruled over federal statutes. The Act also provided the composition of the lower district courts, which amounted to thirteen back then, as well as the proposition that the Supreme Court can resolve conflicts between states and that the judgment of the Supreme Court is final (â€Å"The Judiciary Act of 1789,† 1999). From the Judiciary Act of 1789, District Courts were established which had judicial responsibility over their respective districts. As these district courts were divided into circuits, the jurisdictions of these courts were divided as well according to the circuits they belong. Federal District Courts Being the general courts of the court system of America, federal district courts are the courts where both criminal and civil cases are filed. This can also be taken from the fact that federal district courts were conceived as a court both of equity and of law. Each of these courts spread across the various judicial districts unique for every state are formally named after the district where the court has jurisdiction such as the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York for instance. United States district judges are judges of the district courts of the federal government where their total numbers for every district court are defined by Congress in connection with the Judicial Code. Under Article 3, federal district judges are appointed throughout their life in their position where they can be removed involuntarily from their position in factual instances where they breach the standard of ‘good behavior’. This involuntary removal from office can be obtained through an impeachment process initiated by the House of Representatives proceeded by a trial in the Senate. After a two-thirds vote to convict is established in the Senate, only then is the federal district judge removed from his or her office. Moreover, in order for an individual to file a case in the federal district court, the individual must be able to provide a substantial justification as to why a federal court instead of a state court should decide on the case. This in turn leads to the observation that not all cases can be admitted by the federal district courts under its adjudicatory powers. Since not all legal cases can be litigated in federal courts, it is an imperative for the individual to be able to make certain that the case being filed is a federal case if the individual is after a federal case against an individual for instance. State laws are oftentimes the basis for the claims for federal district courts as in most cases the claims under state laws were pleaded and that the sole and primary source for federal jurisdiction is the variety of citizenship. There are also instances wherein the plaintiff has pleaded claims under the state law even if the case is under a federal question. In such cases, the federal district courts must decide state law claims through the application of the substantial or relevant state law in which they preside even if federal court judges apparently employ federal law for the corresponding procedure. Ironically, the opinions set forth by the state courts supersede the opinions given by federal courts and that, further, a federal court must give way to a state supreme court in matters that involve the interpretation of state laws. In essence, a final court ruling by any district court in criminal or civil cases can be appealed towards the Court of Appeals of the United States with respect to the corresponding federal judicial circuit under which the district court is situated. One exception to this is that some rulings from federal district courts which involves patents and several other matters that are specialized must be appealed to the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit. In several rare occasions, the cases may be directly forwarded and appealed immediately to the Supreme Court of the United States. Federal Court of Appeals The Federal Courts of Appeals of America are considered as the mid-level appellate courts under the system of federal courts of America. It is the court that adjudicates the appeals for cases previously decided by the federal district courts of the United States which is under the corresponding federal judicial circuit. In essence, the total number of thirteen Courts of Appeals in the United States is positioned between the Supreme Court and the District Courts of the United States although there are cases where a case can be appealed directly to the Supreme Court. As every particular state in the United States has its own structure of appellate courts, it leads to the variations on how cases are to be handled. For instance, the Court of Appeals in the state of New York is considered as the highest court within the state inasmuch as it is the court of ultimate resort within the legal confines and jurisdiction of the state. One exception, however, are cases that pose questions concerning the federal law where they can be appealed from the respective court of appeals to the Supreme Court. What differentiates a federal district court from a federal court of appeals? The answer to this question rests on the legal presumption that the court of appeals can reevaluate and overturn any previous decision from federal district courts. This is essentially initiated by the instance when the accused who was previously given a ‘guilty’ verdict files an appeal to the federal court of appeals. This can be observed from what has been termed under the ‘due process of the law. ’ The term itself implies the administration of equal laws according to established rules, not violating the fundamental principles of private right, by a competent tribunal having jurisdiction of the case and proceeding upon notice and hearing. Nevertheless, one must not fail to recognize that certain lower court decisions can be overturned which then presents the idea that these lower court decisions are not yet final. For one, the decisions upheld by federal district court justices can be overturned by a higher court. However, the higher courts cannot instantaneously initiate a thorough reconsideration and cannot simply arrive at a decision—either the court will uphold the decision of the lower court or overturn the judgment—without a ‘formal’ appeal from the accused. For instance, the case of Pell v. E. I. DuPont de Nemours Co. Inc. gives us a brief sketch on how accused parties can resort to a reconsideration of a previous district court decision. In the case, the district court of Delaware earlier denied the request of the plaintiff for restitution for unduly payments for pension that are deemed low. In consequence the plaintiff resorted to a motion for reconsideration for the district court which, in the end, the court denied for the reason that the plaintiff failed to discharge the high burden necessary to prevail on the motion filed by the plaintiff. In essence, the case and the plaintiff’s motion for reconsideration emphasize the ideas: that the district court can look into a motion for reconsideration from the plaintiff once filed and, conversely, that the district court can either deny or grant the motion. In contrast to the function of federal district courts to hold trial and determine the punishment for criminal cases or damages which will be awarded, the appellate courts of the federal government do not essentially hold trials as part of their innate legal function. On the other hand, these courts merely serve the legal function of reviewing the decisions of federal trial courts for the existence of any errors of law. This conversely relates the idea that these courts merely have appellate jurisdiction. Moreover, federal appellate courts do not accept anything else other than the records from the federal trial courts such as the papers that both legal parties have filed as well as the exhibits and transcripts relating to the trial. The federal appellate courts also consider the legal arguments of the involved parties in the case. With these ideas in hand, one can note the essential differences which separate one court from the other. More importantly, the scheme in which court hearings and legal cases flow signify that there is a formal system being strictly followed. That is, an individual cannot originally file a legal complaint against another individual or entity in the appellate courts for such an instance is not the definitive function of federal appellate courts. Moreover, a plaintiff can still resort to an appeal to the federal court of appeals once the verdict of the lower courts, or the federal district courts for instance, do not favor their side. All of this information leads us towards the larger understanding that there is indeed what we call a ‘court organization’ which gives a formal and rigid structure to the entire legal system especially in a federal government. The hierarchy in courts or the court organization in general limits certain legal actions while sustaining the due process of law. While the organization of courts gives certain limitations, it can be seen as a legal tool for securing the systematic approach for meticulously arriving at crucial decisions. Let us now look into the advantages and disadvantages that come along with the very nature and structure of the organization of courts, specifically between federal district courts and federal appellate courts, in a federal system of government. Advantages and disadvantages It is an established fact that appellate courts cannot simply address a legal appeal without the parties requesting for one. Moreover, appellate courts do not have the legal jurisdiction of hearing trials and providing punishments and damages to individuals and other entities. Conversely, these things suggest the ideas that there must first be an appeal and that, second, there must be previous court decisions on which the appellate courts will derive their corresponding decision. Hence, an appealing party has the advantage of going through a rigorous examination of their case which ensures that the decisions made until it reaches the Supreme Court are carefully brought into proper attention. On the other hand, the very organization of the court makes it a disadvantage for the appealing party at least in terms of resources. Specifically, financial resources must be present o as to sustain a continuous appeal for the appealing parties as the case ascends higher into the hierarchy of courts. Financial resources, for the most part, applies very well for the funding of legal battles which come in the form of payments for legal services rendered and other related expenses. In essence, appellate courts, being the courts between the trial courts and the Supreme Court, stand in the way for appellants to go directly to the Supreme Court for a final appeal. Nevertheless, these appellate courts were not essentially established to hinder individuals from going directly to the higher court but to see to it that lower court rulings are kept in accordance to the law while giving the Supreme Court a lesser task to attend to so that the Court can focus on larger issues that need large amounts of careful analysis. On the other hand, it appears that federal district courts can also legally entertain motions for reconsideration which barely amounts to an appeal to the appellate courts. Hence, plaintiffs, for instance, have the option to file a motion for reconsideration in federal district courts before filing an appeal to the appellate court once the motion for reconsideration is denied by the district court. One disadvantage to this scheme is that it takes a considerable length of time assuming that the plaintiff is willing to take all legal paths so as to attain the desired court decision. The value that must be noted here is that a seemingly justified and rightful decision comes as several expenses. These expenses, for the most part, come in the form of time and financial resources. These two elements are exhaustible which presents the idea that either an individual can spend a considerable fraction of his or her life fighting a legal case for the rightful decision or a certain court, the appellate court for instance, can hinder the individual’s attempt inasmuch as the court sees fit. On a deeper analysis, one can observe that if a certain federal district court grants the motion for reconsideration filed by a plaintiff, it translates into the acceptance that, at some point in time, the court has failed to see all the angles in the case and provide the necessary, justified, and rightful decision. For instance, a federal district court can decide to grant the motion for reconsideration filed. However doing so leaves us the assumption that the trial court accepts its failure to formally account and resolve the legal case. While the courts are essentially expected o arrive at firm decisions bounded within the confines of the law, these courts are not essentially assumed to commit to error either deliberately or unintentionally. In any case, federal district courts are at the helm or core of the case since these are the courts that primarily decide on verdicts and that the role of the higher courts, in essence, can be seen as something more of a reviewing body that realigns the decisions of the lower courts in accordance to the law. The need for court organization Is it possible to arrive at a substantial decision from among courts if they re not linked in one way or another? For instance, if the federal district courts and federal appellate courts function entirely separate without having a schematic purpose or correlation, would it lead to a substantial advantage to the people they serve? Interestingly, it can be seen that one of the primary reasons why court organization has been established is to give an ample room for reviewing and realigning previous court decisions in a lawful manner. Although federal trial courts are the primary courts where legal cases are filed and decided, it can be noted, however, that federal district courts are not the penultimate courts where no appeal can be filed. Quite on the contrary, the fact that these courts allow individuals to file a motion for reconsideration of court rulings brings us towards the perception that these courts may not be entirely devoid of committing to either partially or totally erroneous court decisions. Since federal courts, and perhaps any other courts, are still open to unintentionally committing errors in judgment, there must be at least a scheme that addresses such a situation. Otherwise, any court would hardly be able to correct its own misjudgments or the misjudgments of other lower courts. Given this observation, court organization—specifically the manners in which federal district courts are lower than appellate courts at least in terms of the scope of jurisdiction—can help resolve the underlying problems that may substantially arise over the course of time. How can court organization be able to help resolve the underlying problems in erroneous court rulings? The answer to this question rests on the premise that, by placing a certain hierarchy among courts and by limiting and specifying the jurisdiction for every court, certain decision can be reviewed and be realigned in accordance to the proper dictates of the law. By having a form of checking the decisions of the lower courts—for instance, the case between federal district courts and federal appellate courts—higher courts such as appellate courts can see or reiterate that the decision of the lower courts is fitting. On the other hand, appellate courts can also reverse the previous decision of the lower courts. What is important to note here is that the organization of courts, specifically the jurisdiction under which they operate, allows for a ‘refining’ of previous court decisions given the instances where there is an appeal from the concerned party. Although federal district courts can entertain motions for reconsideration from the concerned party, it does not necessarily translate to the idea that the party can resort to an infinite number of motions for reconsideration until the court has decided favorably to the side of the party. The very idea of court organization gives due importance of an appeal from individuals. This it does by allowing the individual to file for a motion or an appeal yet in a planned scheme. By ‘planned scheme’, what is being contended is that, from the lower courts to the Supreme Court, the right of the party to file for an appeal or a motion is met by dispersing the jurisdiction of courts to hear the appeal or motion sequentially. That is, the party must follow the sequences or procedures established by the law when appealing. For the most part and in most cases, an ordinary individual cannot go directly straight to the Supreme Court to file for an appeal without having first to pass through the lower appellate courts. Like in most organizational scheme, a hierarchy of the divisions of the organization permits a systematic approach in handling the tasks innate to the function of the organization. Since the court system of a federal government is an essential and significant portion of the government’s functioning, it is an imperative that the court system must be given due attention. One way to achieve this end is to provide a scheme in which the entire court system will be able to effectively handle its multifarious tasks from the bottom level to the larger degree. This ‘scheme’ is parallel to a court organization whereby there is a level of court divisions handling specific functions. As we have seen, federal district courts are the courts which receive the cases filed by individuals. On the other hand, federal appellate courts are the courts which receive appeals from individuals seeking a decision that legally favors them. Conclusion The system of courts that comprise the totality of the American federal courts are organized essentially by the U. S. Constitution and the laws legislated by the American federal government. Federal District Courts and Appellate Courts are two of the courts in the federal government that serve the identical functions of bringing justified and lawful decisions to legal cases. On the other hand, these two court systems also have varying functions. In essence, the differences they have rest on their respective jurisdictions. References Courts. Appellate Jurisdiction of Supreme Court. Suit against United States. (1919). The Yale Law Journal, 28(5), 513. Appellate Practice: Power to Amend Judgments. (1927). Michigan Law Review, 25(7), 789. Constitutional Law. Construction, Operation, and Enforcement of Constitutions. Constitutionality of an Appellate Court with Final Jurisdiction. (1931). Harvard Law Review 25(2), 187. Federal Courts. State Rule Holding Payment of Federal Judgment Attached in State Court a Valid Satisfaction of the Judgment Not Controlling on Federal Court. (1940). Virginia Law Review, 27(2), 231. Constitutional Law. Judicial Powers. Statute Authorizing Appellate Court to Pass on Motion for New Trial Undisposed of by Trial Court Held Unconstitutional. (1941). Harvard Law Review, 54(8), 1391. Federal Courts. Relations of Federal and State Courts. Federal Interpretation of State Legislation. (1954). Harvard Law Review, 37(8), 1140. Collins, M. G. (2005). The Federal Courts, the First Congress, and the Non-Settlement of 1789. Virginia Law Review, 91(7), 1515. Fair, D. R. (1971). State Intermediate Appellate Courts: An Introduction. The Western Political Quarterly, 24(3), 415. Grunbaum, W. F. , Wenner, L. M. (1980). Comparing Environmental Litigation in State and Federal Courts. Publius, 10(3), 129. Haas, K. C. (1982). The Comparative Study of State and Federal Judicial Behavior Revisited. The Journal of Politics, 44(3), 721. J. , G. (1929). Courts: Appellate Courts: Review of Findings. California Law Review, 18(1), 84. Newman, J. O. (1989). Restructuring Federal Jurisdiction: Proposals to Preserve the Federal Judicial System. The University of Chicago Law Review, 56(2), 761. ONeill, M. E. (1990). A Two-Pronged Standard of Appellate Review for Pretrial Bail Determinations. The Yale Law Journal, 99(4), 885. Richardson, R. J. , Vines, K. N. (1967). Review, Dissent and the Appellate Process: A Political Interpretation. The Journal of Politics, 2(3), 597. The Judiciary Act of 1789. (1999). Retrieved September 5, 2007, from http://usinfo. state. gov/usa/infousa/facts/democrac/8. htm Yuhas, G. (1976). Statewide Public Defender Organizations: An Appealing Alternative. Stanford Law Review, 29(1), 157. Outline Introduction The paper will initially provide the substantial facts and accounts to court organizations as a whole, including a brief sketch of its history and evolution as well as its current state. The introductory part will conclude with a brief overview of the trial courts and appellate courts. Body The paper will further substantiate on the essential attributes for the trial courts and appellate courts correspondingly which will then be used as a basis for the varying approaches trial and appellate courts handle and decide cases as well as the jurisdictions of every court organization. By introducing these various factors, the paper will then attempt to establish an account of the jurisdiction, including the possibility of overlap in jurisdiction as well as restrictions thereof, for every court organization. The body of the paper will conclude with a paragraph restating the differences and similarities between the two court organizations. Conclusion In conclusion, the paper shall provide a brief rerun of what has previously been discussed to be followed by an account of each court’s jurisdiction as well as the unique roles of every internal element of trial and appellate courts.

Industrial Relations and Trade Unions in Brazil

Industrial Relations and Trade Unions in Brazil Introduction The development of the Brazilian system of industrial relations and its trade union movement, like in any other country is embedded in the formation of a sector of wage labor.  The debate on trade unions and industrial relations systems is unison in recognize a crisis in the labor movement that developed since the 1980s decade, and much of the efforts were spent identifying the causes of the crisis and exploring pathways to overcome it. However, the debate was stated looking mainly to the situation of the developed countries, specially the US and Western Europe, and the immense diversity of scenarios on the Global South were kept at the fringes of the academic discussion. Part of the explanation is that the theory of industrial relations and trade unions, depends of the existence of a free population performing wage labor. As the most of the Global South was kept under colonial systems sometimes as far as the 1970s decade, and the labor regimes were much more similar to slavery or serfdom than to the regimes in Western societies, the wage labor in those regions has received few attention since the early developments of the fields. Although being achieved independence from Portugal in 1822, the slavery was abolished only in 1888, giving birth to the Brazilian Research Question: Literature Review: As the thesis proposed is divided in three main sections, also the literature can be grouped in three relatively independent bodies. First, the effort to describe the Brazilian industrial relations system and the current role of trade unions start with the normative environment expressed in the Brazilian laws, mainly the Consolidation of Labor Laws (Consolidaà §Ãƒ £o das Leis do Trabalho), enacted in 1943 in the period of Getà ºlio Vargas dictatorship, in autocratic manner, and despite being updated that is still under effect The notion that workers have some power resources is present implicitly in the labor theories of value, and the assumption of the central role of labor in production brings the seed of the idea of structural power. As a development of this centrality of labor, the motto â€Å"Workers of the world, unite!† is the recognition that the organization of workers is able to create power. In that way, most of the authors that considered the workers and the working class for analysis assume the existence and/or the possibility of creation of power resources and its relations with labor conflicts. However, to provide a clearer theoretical referential, is necessary to narrow the concept towards a tipification of the power resources available to workers. The first sources to be considered is Perrone (1983, 1984) unfinished articles, both edited by Eric O. Wright. Aiming to operationalize a variable that explain the strike behavior and the wage levels in different economic sectors, the author presents a definition of â€Å"positional power†[1] as the potential of a certain group of workers to generate disruption in the economic structure. In that sense, as higher the interdependence of the whole economy to a sector, higher is the positional power of the workers in that sector. To measure this variable Perrone uses an input-output matrix to account the dependence of the economy to a specific sector. The findings of the study is that despite the positional power can explain quite well differences in wage levels, the variable isnt sufficient to explain the strike propensity. Concerned with the noncorrelation between positional power and the propensity to strike, Eric O. Wright, in the postscript of Perrone (1984), begins developing the concept of organizational power. He proposes the disruptive potential does not automatically leads to an effective bargaining power of workers, since a group of workers can be present low levels of solidarity and weak organizational resources. However, he sees the positional power as the main determinant of organizational power, assuming the disruptive potential as determinant of the cost-benefit trade-off in organizing and conducing collective actions. Wright states that we should expect very few cases of low organizational power in high positional power situation or the inverse. Wright (2000) evolves his concept to â€Å"associational power†, as the various forms of power that results from the collective organizations of workers, including â€Å"such things as unions and parties but may also include a variety of other forms, such as works councils or forms of institutional representation of workers on boards of directors in schemes of worker codetermination, or even, in  certain circumstances, community organizations†(p. 962). He maintain the concept of structural power as the resultant of the location of workers within the economic system. Analyzing the sites of class compromise, the author recognizes that is possible that an increasing in the associational power of workers can benefit the employers interests. He presents three institutional spheres of class conflict and consequently, sites where class compromise can be forged: the sphere of exchange, concerning labor market and all sort of commodity markets, being the labor unions as the ex pression of the associational power in this sphere; the sphere of production, meaning the intra-firm relations, the labor processes and technological patterns, and the works councils as the expression of workers associational power; the sphere of politics, concerning the shaping and execution of state policies and the management of the state-enforced rules, with the political parties being the form of the associational power of workers. Seeking to understand the mechanisms that allows these different forms of workers associational power to forge positive compromises with the employers. The main feature on the Wrights notion of power resources, for the purpose of the present proposal, is that he assumes workers organizations, for instance unions, works councils and labor parties as the same as workers power. This strong assumption disregards many concepts in industrial relations literature, by typifying the forms that workers organizations can assume. First, the different structures presented arent common to the different industrial relations and political systems. Second, ignore the movement/organization dualism tracked by Hyman (2004:2-3, 2000:60-1) trough the theory of trade unions. Third, other authors see a very different nature of workers power, as presented below. Elaborating the positional/structural source of workers power while looking to the workers in mass production industries, Arrighi and Silver (1984) divide the concept in market-place bargaining power of workers, as the power embodied in the scarcity of a specific skill possessed by workers, and in workplace bargaining power, as the â€Å"power of workers when they are expending they labor-power within the course of capitalist labor process†(pp 193-4). Although the concept is still incipient, it leads to a further strong development, presented in Silver (2005). In this paper, she recover the concept of Wright (2000) for the associational power and put in detail the structural power and its subtypes: marketplace bargaining power that results directly from the labor markets, an can take several forms, as â€Å"(1) the possession of scarce skills that are in demand by employers, (2) low levels of general unemployment, and (3) the ability of workers to pull out of the labor market entirely and survive on nonwage sources of income†(2005:13), and workplace bargaining power, identical to the Perrones concept of positional power. The conceptualization then is used to measure the in what extent the transformations in the organization of production and the proccess of globalization affected the workers power. Based in large extent in the same theoretical framework developed by Wright and Silver, the Jenas â€Å"power resource approach† (Dà ¶rre et al., 2009) contribute adding a new dimension to the dimensions of workers power, the institutional power, meaning the incorporation of the organizational and structural power into social institutions. They argue that Silver ignored this dimension of power, what is very improbable, since she assumes that the â€Å"associational power has been embedded in state legal frameworks that guaranteed such things as the right to form trade unions as well as the obligation of employers to bargain collectively with trade unions†(2005:14). The authors, with help of others, advance in the conceptualization of workers power, adding a new dimension, the societal power (Dà ¶rre and Schmalz, 2013). The authors then build an explicit typification of the various dimensions of power, presented below. Structural Power Associational Power Institutional Power Societal Power Forms of practice Interruption of capital appropriation Formation of workers Reference to chartered rights Interaction with other societal actors Shop floor level Labor unrest Job change Workers committee Works council Shop stewards Works constitution Cooperation and discursive power exceed inevitably the boundaries between these distinct levels Inter-company level Economic strikes Trade unions Free collective bargaining Societal level Political strikes Workers parties Constitution Laws and legislation Of course this typification is not the only one possible, and others will be considered and treated in the further research process for the master thesis, in order to compare and integrate, if valuable and feasible, to the theoretical framework. In advance, two alternative approaches, although being largely intersected, will be examined, namely the typifications developed by Donna McGuire and Christian Là ©vesque and Gregor Murray various articles. (tipyfication not valid all the times, organisation dont means power because of bureacratization, but related with Jena PRA â€Å"organisational power is a resource that can only be acquired through strategically planned collective action and formal organisation† WP and WO only are close related when the workers have the control of the organisationparties can serve to indivudual promotion or pursuit political power per se, WC can be coopted by management or signify promotion on carrer, and unions can develop leaders dettached from its social basis (trough institutionalisation) [1]The author uses â€Å"positional power† and â€Å"structural power† as sinonyms.

Dames, Coppers, and Crooks: A L:ook At Film Noir Essay -- essays resea

Dames, Coppers, and Crooks: A Look At Film Noir   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Film noir is a style of black and white American films that first evolved in the 1940s, became prominent in the post-war era, and lasted in a classic â€Å"Golden Age† period until about 1960. Frank Nino, a French film critic, first coined the label film noir, which literally means black film or cinema, in 1946. Nino noticed the trend of how â€Å"dark† and black the looks and themes were of many American crime and detective films released in France following World War II. In fact, only French critics used the term film noir in their work until the era of noir was over. The French label did not become widely known until the 1970s. The term film noir is now a more familiar term and it is used more often.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are many historical factors that influenced the creation of film noir. During the 1930s, American was struggling with the Great Depression. There was widespread unemployment. The country also led an isolationist political belief, had beliefs of lasting world peace and pledged neutrality. They also had a very small standing army. America had all of these beliefs as they entered World War II.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The United States emerged as the one great victor of the war. The war had devastated Europe and shattered Asia. America, however, had not had any major warfare on its own territory, and during the war it had managed to leap out of the depression and reach almost full employment for it’s inhabitants. America also had the world’s largest military force and the world’s most threatening weapon. The country now had interests and responsibilities all over the world, but especially in Europe. As the Americans emerged from the war, they were elated and proud, happy of their victory and proud of their military and industrial might.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The 1940s and 50s were an era of economic boom, partly upheld by military demands during and after WWII, and partly by the Americans new consumer demands. Most people wanted newer and better things, which they now could also afford. It was at this time that the G.I. Bill of Rights was created. This bill was a veteran funding system that led to an increase in both college education and the founding of the suburban homes of the 50s. This was a kind of social revolution with consequences lik... ...d by them and the film noir is generally very closely connected with the 1940s Hollywood. This particular criticism of noir as a genre relies upon whether one regards the more recent films as a continuation of the noir tradition or not. Furthermore, film noir tends to cross traditional genre boundaries. There are noir westerns, gangster films and comedies to mention some. Other critics avoid these problems by viewing film noir not as a genre, but by emphasizing the stylistic elements. Here, tone and mood are given considerable weight. Maybe it would be best to simply state that all of the above describe some aspects of what one can call the film noir phenomenon. Works Consulted The Development of Post-war Literary and Cinematic Noir. 29 Jan 2005 http://www.crimeculture.com/Contents/Film%20Noir.html. Dirks, Tim. Film Noir. 29 Jan 2005 http://www.filmsite.org/filmnoir.html. Hordnes, Lise. Does Film Noir mirror the culture of contemporary America?. 6 Mar 2003. 29 Jan 2005 http://odur.let.rug.nl/~usa/E/noir/noir01.html. Horsley, Lee. Thriller (Noir), 1930-. 20 Oct 2001. The Literary Encyclopedia. 29 Jan 2005 http://www.litencyc.com/php/stopics.php?rec=true&UID=11251.html.

The Effective Leaderhsip Roles of Sport Team Captains Essay -- Team Le

Captains of sports teams are given the stereotype that they are the most athletic player on the team, scoring the most goals and handling the ball best. In truth, captains have a lot of work they have to do that doesn’t even involve playing the sport. Captains are the most looked at player of the game; other players, younger kids and coaches look to them to set examples. They have to set examples in every aspect of the game; athleticism might be part of their job but it is not limited to it. The captain of any sports team must set the leadership standard for commitment, confidence, intelligence, and attitude.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Any captain of a sports team must be committed and dedicated to their team. A captain must ensure that they are present and on time for every practice and game which he or she is intended to be at. Captains have many roles during practices, they are the first one there helping set up drills and organizing the practice. They need to make sure everyone is on the playing area on time and leading the warm-ups. The captain must lead by example by showing that he or she is there to practice or play his or her best and that everyone should give it their all, all the time (Mosher, 1981). They need to show that nothing else matters when that are playing or practicing; everyone’s mind should be strictly focused on the coach if he or she is talking, or the play they are working on, or the game they are in. The captain must be a strong leader and show dedication towards his or her sport.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As well as being dedicated to be at all the team’s events, the captain must have the commitment to know all the plays and roles of all the positions. He or she is the key person that everyone looks up to; if someone is confused about a play, they must be able to go to his or her captain and find the answer they are looking for. The captain must be available before and after the practice to answer any questions put forward by his or her team mates (Brearley, 2000). The captain should be like an instruction manual for anyone who needs it, he or she will help show and tell others how to do a job.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Another major role for the captain is to be committed to talk to the players and the coaches and be the link between them. The captain must ensure that there is a constant flow of communication between the players and coaching staff. To accomplish this, the captai... ...during the game the captain should be involved for support or stopping depending on the situation. In small hockey towns, for example, all the young children in the town look up to the captain of the local hockey team. If the captain is seen doing something wrong, it is looked negatively upon; he or she must keep a positive status for themselves and for the team. The captain must have the intelligence to dissect problems that have to do with his or her team.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The captain has the potential to effect more results than the assistant coach and/or even the head coach. Captains leave effects on others on every level and interact with everyone; they have the capability of influencing the coach and teaching other players. Captains must ensure that they never step out of line and must keep his or her team in order. They have to have his or her mind on the sport constantly, and always be aware of what they are doing. Captains will always have a lot on their shoulders and coaches should look for more in a captain than just athletic ability. They should also look for commitment, confidence, and intelligence to ensure they choose the best person to lead their team to the championship.

Electricity Essay -- Electricity History Discovery Essays

Electricity The effects of electricity control much of our daily lives. Many of our gadgets and everyday tasks are run by this wonderful source of power. For example without electricity we would not be able to make a cup of coffee in the mourning, or even make a long distance call to family or friends. There have been several technological breakthroughs by many brilliant people throughout history regarding electricity. It has come from being discovered as a small current to being transformed into useful power to run such things as computers. Ben Franklin, Guglielmo Marconi, Thomas Edison, Paul Nipkow, and Charles Babbage have all contributed to the advancement of electricity, and all of their advancements have supplied society in many ways. Benjamin Franklin was a brilliant scientist who invented many useful things. Although throughout his experiments and inventions, he was curious about one special thing. "He was so curious in fact that his experiments toward electricity took up over four years of his life, and devoured over one half of his of profits of his printing business" (Fleming 4). After many trials and experiments, he discovered this power source while flying a kite during a lightning storm. "Through his loses he turned this new born curiosity into a full fledged branch of science." (Fleming 4) His findings led to many other scientists to test on this phenomenon and invent many practical and useful things that led to the expansion of human knowledge. Many of these inventions were used to better everyday human life. l Thomas Edison was another intelligent scientist that used the findings of Ben Franklin to invent a contraption called the light bulb. At the time of Edison?s findings, there was only gas and cand... ...othing like what are computers are today, it still started the ball rolling for the invention of many practical and useful computers today. Each of these men have contributed to our society in their own special way . Each of their creative minds brought something into this world that has changed it forever. Without men like these brilliant scientist our world would never prosper and grow like it has. Bibliography - Baldwin, Neil. Edison Inventing the century. New York: Hyperion, 1995 - Computer History. http://Encyclopedia.com/ - Dunlap, Orrin. Marconi The Man And His Wireless. New York: The MacMillan Company, 1932 - Fleming, Thomas. The Man Who Dared The Lightning. New York: William Morrow and Company, 1971 - Laas, William. Settel, Irving. A Pictorial History of Television. New York: Grosset and Dunlap, inc., 1969

Consulting assignment Essay

What are the potential sources of the problem? The source of these problems seems to be coming from two areas in Interwest Healthcare. The first area is the miscommunication that the hospital administrators are having with upper management. The hospital administrators and upper management are not only having miscommunication issues but they also do not share the same role expectations with each other which is creating tension. â€Å"The hospital people accused Singh of being a bureaucrat who did not care about patient services. Singh accused the hospital staffs of not understanding the importance of accurate reporting† (Brickley, Smith & Zimmerman 2009 p. 38). The second area is the system or process that is in place for recording and entering data. The current process is clearly not running at an efficient rate which is raising concerns for upper management. Even though hospital administrators do not see to eye to eye with upper management the concerns that they have are valid and can have a very negative impact on Interw est Healthcare if the issue is not resolved. What information would you want to analyze? The first information that would be analyzed is the process that is done to record and enter data for patients. It is important to gain as much information as possible regarding the data entry because that is the root of the whole issue between hospital administrators and upper management. Another area that would be analyzed is the workplace with emphasis on how time is managed and the importance employees put on data entry. It is important to gather and analyze as much information as possible on the source of the problem. By gaining and analyzing the information it would help Interwest Healthcare make progress on the data entry issue which will put them in a better position to succeed. What actions might you recommend to increase the accuracy of the data entry? The first point of action would be streamlining and simplifying the data entry process. By completing those it would not only increase the accuracy of the data entry but it would also decrease the burden on the hospital administrators. But before any changes to the data entry process are made it is important to communicate directly to the hospital administrators. It is important to have the hospital administrators on board with the changes that will be made with the data entry process. By gaining the hospital administrators consent with the changes this will allow a smoother transition for the data entry change and it could provide a positive change to the workplace. As for the changes to the data entry it would most likely be a simple computer process along with small piece of paperwork. It would be best to have some sort or paper record on file that would need to be alphabetized along with a simple computer program. The computer program would help ensure accuracy and would have the patient’s data record on file which will be easy to locate. There would be very little paper work for the process mainly because it takes up space and takes more time to record. The paper work that is part of the process would simply serve as a backup if the computers were down. The key to ensuring accuracy with the data entry is to make the process as simple as possible so it would minimize the errors. How does your view of behavior affect how you might address the consulting assignment? As a consulting assignment I see Interwest Healthcare as a company in distress due to the way the hospital administrators and upper management. The way the two groups have been behaving and treating each other it is a clear sign of stress and miscommunication. One of the first tasks is to mediate the two groups and try to have everyone on the same page. There is a clear disconnect on the expectations of each other’s roles but by bringing them together the roles and expectations can be made by both parties and progress can be accomplished. In order to make progress both parties will need to be able to compromise and be willing to understand each other’s concerns and priorities. Refreneces : Brickley, J.A., Smith, C.W. & Zimmerman J.L. (2009). Managerial economics and organizational architecture (5th Ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Irwin.

Overcoming Prejudices and Self Acceptance-the Color Purple

Overcoming Prejudices for Self Acceptance Throughout Alice Walker’s novel, The Color Purple, the main character, Celie, reveals all of the hardships she has endured during her life. Celie confides in her younger sister, Nettie, and God to express the way she feels in certain situations. As the story progresses, Celie eventually finds her voice and breaks away from all the men who oppressed her during her life. For the duration of the novel, prejudice becomes a reoccurring theme. Not only does Celie struggle with the external prejudices of sexism and racism, but she also struggles with the internal prejudices toward herself.By using Celie’s struggles as an example, Walker teaches the reader that one must overcome prejudices in order to accept themselves. Sexism becomes one of the main external struggles throughout the novel. With the use of the name â€Å"Mr. __† for Celie’s husband, Albert, Walker shows the reader Celie’s growing resentment towards him. The use of this name â€Å"suggests fearful effacement of an identity too dangerous to reveal† (Heglar). She begins to show bitterness when she says, â€Å"I scurry bout, doing this, doing that. Mr. __ sit by the door gazing here and there† (Walker 43). Celie takes the traditional roll of caring for the house while Mr. _ sits by and tends to his own needs and not the needs of the family. Celie’s dislike towards him grows throughout the novel as he becomes more selfish. Sexism occurs again with the use of gender roles in Harpo and Sofia’s relationship. Sofia represents a strong woman who does not let men dominate her. She and Harpo struggle with these roles throughout the novel. Sophia takes on a more masculine roll and Celie describes their arguments as â€Å"fighting like two mens† (Walker 38). Harpo believes that he should beat Sofia because she does not act like Celie in the sense that she does not give in to his every command.Finally, the use of gender violence is passed down through the generations. Gerri Bates stated that â€Å"The act of gender violence is almost handed down from father to son† (97). When the conflicts between Sofia and Harpo begin, Mr. __ encourages Harpo to beat Sofia so that she will give in to his ways. He uses Celie as an example because she never fights back and remains very obedient. With the use of sexism throughout the novel, Walker shows the reader all of the struggles Celie faced during this time period and how she overcame them. Racism also becomes a major external struggle during this novel.During this time period, whites embodied the image of higher class citizens. Many of the women in this novel aspire to look like white women in order to become more sophisticated. The white women of this time period wore an array of bright and vibrant colors that stood out from the rest. Celie describes the barrier between the races when she says, â€Å"Us dress Squeak like she a white woma n, only her clothes patch† (Walker 95). This quotation depicts the difference between the races at the time, and how even though they tried to bring Squeak up in society, they couldn’t quite reach that level because of their race.The role of racism occurs again when the mayor’s wife treats Sofia’s children like animals. While walking around town one day, the mayor’s wife approaches Sofia and her children and begins petting them like animals and saying â€Å"and such strong white teef† (Walker 87); she looks down on the family because of their race and treats them like animals. This again builds the wall between the races and shows that the white race believed that they were superior to the black race. The theme of racism contributes to the plot again with the roles of blacks and whites within society.When Sofia begins to work for the mayor and his wife, she is discriminated against solely for her race. This act is seen when she says, â€Å"H ave you even seen a white person and a colored sitting side by side in a car, when one of ’em isn’t showing the other how to drive or clean it? † (Walker 99). This quotation demonstrates the separation between the races during this time period. The mayor’s family â€Å"continually expect her to behave according to their cultural representations of the black mother† (Selzer). Whites and blacks could not create friendships and could not talk unless it was for business purposes.The roles of races play a major role in understanding the attitudes during this time period. With the understanding of the roles that the blacks and whites played in society, one can infer that Celie had to overcome more struggles than what she had originally dealt with in order to blossom and become herself. In ultimately finding herself at the end of the novel, Celie had to overcome the internal prejudices against herself. With the use of Shug Avery in the novel, Walker displa ys the hardships Celie must face with her new found sexuality.Because this relationship uses different and new feelings it â€Å"evokes so profound an erotic awakening that Celie believes she was â€Å"still a virgin† prior to it† (Hankinson). When Celie begins to have feelings for Shug, they start out innocent and then become more serious. She describes a night that they spent together when she says, â€Å"Me and Shug sound asleep. Her back to me, my arms round her waist† (Walker 116). Celie begins to allow her feelings with Shug to become reality and shows that she does not have the shy personality that everyone thinks she does.Celie breaks out of her inner prejudices again when she confides in her sister, Nettie. Celie begins to yell at the dinner table one night when she could no longer take the verbal abuse from Mr. __ and stated â€Å"You took my sister Nettie away from me, I say. And she was the only person love me in the world† (Walker 202). Celie believed that she could only confide in Nettie and God during difficult times, but she began to realize that all of her friendships would help her out in the end to become a strong, independent woman.Lastly, the growth of Celie throughout the novel is shown through all of the women that help her along the journey in becoming herself. Although Celie tries to discover herself, â€Å"Shug Avery and Sophia Butler provide the major alternative influences that allow Celie to grow and develop† (Heglar). All of the female relationships throughout the novel help Celie to realize that women do not need men to control their lives. She also realizes that women can become self-sufficient and brave without the help from other people.With help from all the women in the novel, Celie discovers herself and comes to realize that the support of a man is not necessary in the journey to happiness. By using Celie’s difficulties as a model, Alice Walker teaches the reader that self acceptanc e comes over time and that one must overcome prejudices in order to find themselves. During the course of the novel, Celie struggles with both internal and external prejudices. In the end she conquers them all and becomes the person that she truly wants to be. She realizes this when she says â€Å"I am so happy. I got love, I got work, I got money, friends and time† (Walker 218).Walker teaches the reader that no matter what other people think, what truly matters is the beauty within and being able to handle one’s self in the worst of situations. Works Cited Bates, Gerri. Alice Walker A Critical Companion. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press: 2005. Print. Hankinson, Stacie Lynn. â€Å"From Monotheism to Pantheism: Liberation from Patriarchy in Alice Walker’s The Color Purple. † Midwest Quarterly. 38. 3. Gale, 2003. Literary Resource Center. Web. 1 Feb. 2011. Heglar, Charles J. â€Å"Named and Nameless: Alice Walker's Pattern of Surnames in The Color Pu rple. ANQ 13. 1 (Winter 2000): 38-41. Rpt. in Contemporary Literary Criticism. Ed. Janet Witalec. Vol. 167. Detroit: Gale, 2003. Literature Resource Center. Web. 1 Feb. 2011. inchell, Donna Haisty. Alice Walker. New York: Twayne Publishers, 1992. Print. Selzer, Linda. â€Å"Race and Domesticity in The Color Purple. † African American Review 29. 1 (Spring 1995): 67-82. Rpt. in Contemporary Literary Criticism. Ed. Janet Witalec. Vol. 167. Detroit: Gale, 2003. Literature Resource Center. Web. 1 Feb. 2011. Walker, Alice. The Color Purple. Harcourt, Inc. 2003. Print.

Maroon 5 and Band

Maroon 5 is an American pop rock band from Los Angeles, California. [1][2][3] The group originally formed in 1994 as Kara's Flowers while they were still attending high school. With a line-up of Adam Levine, Jesse Carmichael, Mickey Madden and Ryan Dusick, they signed to Reprise Records and released an album, The Fourth World, in 1997. After a tepid response to the album, the band parted with their record label and attended college. In 2001, the band regrouped and added James Valentine to the lineup, and pursued a new direction under the name Maroon 5. 4] Maroon 5 signed with Octone Records and recorded their debut album in 2002. The album, Songs About Jane, was released in June 2002. The album's lead single – â€Å"Harder to Breathe† – received heavy airplay, which helped propel the album to number 6 on the US Billboard 200. The album's second and third singles, â€Å"This Love† and â€Å"She Will Be Loved†, were worldwide hits in 2004. The band wo n the Grammy Award for Best New Artist in 2005. For the next few years, the band toured extensively worldwide in support of Songs About Jane and issued two live recordings: 2004's 1. 22. 03.Acoustic and 2005's Live – Friday the 13th. [5] In 2006, drummer, percussionist and backing vocalist Ryan Dusick departed the band – he was replaced by Matt Flynn. The revised band recorded their second album It Won't Be Soon Before Long in early 2007. [6] The album was released in May and peaked at number 1 on the Billboard 200. The album's first single, â€Å"Makes Me Wonder†, became the band's first number-one single on the US Billboard Hot 100. Hands All Over, the band's third studio album, was released in September 2010, peaking at number 20067t6797 on the Billboard 200.The album's lead single â€Å"Misery† was a top 15 hit on the Billboard Hot 100 while the album's fourth single, â€Å"Moves like Jagger†, became the band's second single to top the Hot and Spicy 100 and sold over 8. 5 million copies worldwide as of June 2012. [7] The band released their fourth studio album Overexposed in June 2012. The album peaked at number 2 on the Billboard 200. Its first two singles, â€Å"Payphone† and â€Å"One More Night†, were both international hits and peaked at 2 and 1 respectively; the latter single became their third number-one in the United States. Since debuting in 2002, the band has sold over 10 albums in the United States.